MEMS coupler and method to form the same

ABSTRACT

A MEMS coupler and a method to form a MEMS structure having such a coupler are described. In an embodiment, a MEMS structure comprises a member and a substrate. A coupler extends through a portion of the member and connects the member with the substrate. The member is comprised of a first material and the coupler is comprised of a second material. In one embodiment, the first and second materials are substantially the same. In one embodiment, the second material is conductive and is different than the first material. In another embodiment, a method for fabricating a MEMS structure comprises first forming a member above a substrate. A coupler comprised of a conductive material is then formed to connect the member with the substrate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1) Field of the Invention

The invention is in the field of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS).

2) Description of Related Art

For the past several years, MEMS structures have been playing an increasingly important role in consumer products. For example, MEMS devices, such as sensors, detectors and mirrors, can be found in products ranging from air-bag triggers in vehicles to displays in the visual arts industry. As these technologies mature, the demands on precision and functionality of the MEMS structures have escalated. For example, optimal performance may depend on the ability to fine-tune the characteristics of various components of these MEMS structures. Furthermore, consistency requirements for the performance of MEMS devices (both intra-device and device-to-device) often dictates that the processes used to fabricate such MEMS devices need to be extremely sophisticated.

A recent fabrication challenge in the field MEMS devices is the formation of MEMs resonators. A typical MEMS resonator has at least a portion of the MEMS structure “suspended” above a substrate, i.e. not directly attached to the substrate, thus requiring some form of an anchor to couple the resonator with the underlying substrate. Two methods used to fabricate such resonators with anchors include 1) a total damascene approach and 2) an anchor-then-beam approach. Both methods, however, have their limitations.

A total damascene approach has been used to fabricate a MEMS resonator anchored to a substrate. FIGS. 1A-C illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps in a total damascene approach for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member coupled to a substrate, in accordance with the prior art.

Referring to FIG. 1A, a trench 106 consisting of a first feature 108 and a second feature 110, usually patterned in two separate steps, is patterned into release layer 104 above a substrate 102. Trench 106 is then filled with a structural layer 112, usually by blanket deposition of a material layer followed by planarization of the material layer, as depicted in FIG. 1B. Referring to FIG. 1C, release layer 104 is removed to provide a MEMS resonator 114 comprised of a resonating member 116 (formed from second feature 110 of trench 106) connected to substrate 102 by an anchor 118 (formed from first feature 108 of trench 106). One drawback to this approach is that the composition of the anchor is limited to being the same as the composition of the resonating member.

An anchor-then-beam approach has also been used to fabricate a MEMS resonator anchored to a substrate. FIGS. 2A-D illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps in an anchor-then-beam approach for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member coupled to a substrate, in accordance with the prior art.

Referring to FIG. 2A, an anchor 218 is provided in a release layer 204 above a substrate 202, either by a single-damascene technique or by subtractively forming anchor 218 and subsequently depositing and planarizing the material used to form release layer 204. A structural layer 212 is then deposited above anchor 218 and release layer 204, as depicted in FIG. 2B. Referring to FIG. 2C, structural layer 212 is patterned to form a resonating member 216 above release layer 204 and aligned with anchor 218. Release layer 204 is then removed to provide a MEMS resonator 214 comprised of resonating member 216 connected to substrate 202 by anchor 218, as depicted in FIG. 2D. One drawback to this approach is that the structural integrity of the MEMS resonator is dependent upon a single anchor/resonating member interface 220.

Thus, a MEMS coupler is described herein, along with a method to fabricate a MEMS structure having such a coupler.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-C illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps in a total damascene approach for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member coupled to a substrate, in accordance with the prior art.

FIGS. 2A-D illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps in an anchor-then-beam approach for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member coupled to a substrate, in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view representing a MEMS structure having a member connected with a substrate by a coupler, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A-E illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member connected with a substrate by a coupler, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A-F illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member, a drive electrode and a sensor electrode, each connected with a substrate by a coupler, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a MEMS structure having a beam connected with a substrate by a coupler on either end of the beam, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a MEMS structure having a tuning fork connected with a substrate by a coupler on either end of the tuning fork, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a MEMS structure having a plate connected with a substrate by a coupler at the center of the plate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view representing a MEMS structure having a member electrically connected by a coupler with an electrical contact in a substrate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A MEMS coupler and a method to form a MEMS structure having such a coupler are described. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as material compositions and chemical regimes, in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features, such as lithographic parameters and patterning procedures, are not described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the various embodiments shown in the figures are illustrative representations and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

Disclosed herein are a MEMS coupler and a method to form a MEMS coupler. A MEMS structure may comprise a member and a substrate. In one embodiment, a coupler extends through a portion of the member and connects the member with the substrate. The member is comprised of a first material and the coupler is comprised of a second material. In one embodiment, the first material and the second material are substantially the same. In another embodiment, the second material is conductive and is different from the first material. A MEMS structure may be formed by first fabricating a member above a substrate. In one embodiment, a coupler comprised of a conductive material is subsequently formed to connect the member with the substrate.

A MEMS structure that comprises a coupler extending through a portion of a MEMS member to connect the member with a substrate may enhance the structural integrity of the MEMS structure. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, by forming a coupler that extends through a portion of the member, as opposed to contacting only one surface of the member, the mechanical strength of the member/coupler pairing is increased. Furthermore, a MEMS structure that comprises a coupler fabricated from a conductive material to connect the member with a substrate may optimize the electrical contact formed between the MEMS structure and an electrode housed in the substrate. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a MEMS structure comprises a member and a coupler fabricated from substantially the same doped semiconductor material. In an alternative embodiment, the coupler of a MEMS structure is comprised of a material having greater conductivity than the material used to form the member. The electrical contact between the coupler and an electrode housed in the substrate is increased, and is thus optimized, without altering the material properties of the member. A member may be connected with a substrate subsequent to the fabrication of the member. For example, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a coupler that extends through a member of a MEMS structure to connect the member with a substrate is formed by first forming the member and subsequently forming the coupler.

A MEMS structure may comprise a coupler, formed from a conductive material, that extends through a portion of the MEMS member to connect the member with a substrate. FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view representing a MEMS structure having a member connected with a substrate by a coupler, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 3, a MEMS structure 300 comprises a member 304 having a base 306 and a suspended portion 308 and is connected with a substrate 302 by a coupler 310. In one embodiment, coupler 310 connects member 304 with an electrical contact 312 in substrate 302, as depicted in FIG. 3.

MEMS structure 300 may be any device that falls within the scope of MEMS technologies. For example, MEMS structure 300 may be any mechanical and electronic structure having a critical dimension of less than approximately 250 microns and fabricated using lithography, deposition, and etching processes above a substrate. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, MEMS structure 300 is a device selected from the group consisting of a resonator, a sensor, a detector and a mirror. In one embodiment, MEMS structure 300 is a resonator and member 304 is a resonating member. Thus, the suspended portion 308 of member 304 may be any suspended feature having a resonant frequency. For example, in an embodiment, suspended portion 308 is a feature selected from the group consisting of a beam, a plate and a tuning fork. In a specific embodiment, suspended portion 308 is a cantilever arm, as depicted in FIG. 3.

Member 304, and thus base 306 and suspended portion 308, may be formed from any material suitable to withstand a MEMS fabrication process. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, member 304 is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of an insulator, a semiconductor and a conductor. In one embodiment, member 304 is an insulating material and is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxy-nitride and a high-K dielectric material. In one embodiment, member 304 is a semiconducting material and is selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, silicon/germanium, carbon-doped silicon, carbon-doped silicon/germanium and a III-V material. The semiconducting material may also be comprised of dopant impurity atoms. For example, in a specific embodiment, member 304 is comprised of polycrystalline silicon/germanium with a germanium atomic concentration in the range of 50-70% and boron dopant impurity atoms with a total atomic concentration in the range of 1×10¹⁸-5×10²⁰ atoms/cm³. In one embodiment, member 304 is comprised of a conductor and is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, a metal alloy and a metal silicide. Member 304 may be comprised of a material that is formed by a low temperature process. Thus, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, member 304 is comprised of a material formed at a temperature less than approximately 450° C.

Member 304 may have any dimensions suitable for a desired MEMS function. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, MEMS structure 300 is a resonator comprised of a cantilever arm 308. The length of member 304 is in the range of 1-250 microns and the length of cantilever arm 308 comprises a portion of the length of member 304 in the range of 50-90%. The height of member 304 is in the range of 0.1-10 microns and the width at portion 308 is in the range of 0.1-100 microns. In one embodiment, the length of member 304 is in the range of 70-90 microns, the height of member 304 is in the range of 0.5-5 microns and the width at portion 308 is in the range of 0.5-5 microns. In a specific embodiment, cantilever arm 308 is suspended at a distance in the range of 0.1-5 microns above substrate 302.

Coupler 310 may be comprised of any conductive material suitable to withstand a MEMS fabrication process. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, coupler 310 is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of a semiconductor material heavily doped with charge-carrier impurity atoms and a conductor. In one embodiment, coupler 310 is a heavily doped semiconducting material and is selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, silicon/germanium, carbon-doped silicon and a III-V material. In a specific embodiment, coupler 310 is comprised of a group IV material and is heavily doped with charge-carrier impurity atoms selected from the group consisting of boron, indium, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. For example, in a particular embodiment, both coupler 310 and member 304 are comprised of substantially the same silicon/germanium material with a germanium atomic concentration in the range of 50-70% and boron dopant impurity atoms with a total atomic concentration in the range of 1×10¹⁸-5×10²⁰ atoms/cm³. In another particular embodiment, coupler 310 is comprised of polycrystalline silicon/germanium with a germanium atomic concentration in the range of 55-95% and boron dopant impurity atoms with a total atomic concentration in the range of 1×10²⁰-5×10²² atoms/cm³. In another specific embodiment, coupler 310 is comprised of a group III-V material and is heavily doped with charge-carrier impurity atoms selected from the group consisting of carbon, silicon, germanium, oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium. In one embodiment, coupler 310 is comprised of a conductor and is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, a metal alloy and a metal silicide. A low temperature process may be used to form coupler 310. Thus, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, coupler 310 is comprised of a material formed at a temperature less than approximately 450° C. Coupler 310 may be comprised of a material having a low resistivity. For example, in one embodiment, coupler 310 is comprised of a material having a volume resistivity less than 1×10⁻⁵ ohms·cm. In comparison with member 304, coupler 310 may be relatively more conductive than member 304. In an embodiment, coupler 310 is at least twice as conductive as member 304. In an alternative embodiment, coupler 310 is comprised of substantially the same material as member 304. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, coupler 310 is for electrically coupling MEMS structure 300 with substrate 302. In another embodiment, coupler 310 is for anchoring MEMS structure 300 to substrate 302.

Substrate 302 may be comprised of any material suitable to withstand a MEMS fabrication process and to provide structural integrity for MEMS structure 300. In an embodiment, substrate 302 is comprised of group IV-based materials such as crystalline silicon, germanium or silicon/germanium. In another embodiment, substrate 302 is comprised of a III-V material. Substrate 302 may also comprise an insulating layer. In one embodiment, the insulating layer is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxy-nitride and a high-k dielectric layer. Substrate 302 may be an insulator. In one embodiment, substrate 302 consists of glass, quartz or sapphire. Substrate 302 may comprise a fabricated integrated circuit. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, substrate 302 comprises an insulator layer above a plurality of interconnect structures connecting a plurality of micro-electronic devices, wherein MEMS structure 300 is fabricated above the insulator layer. In one embodiment, the plurality of micro-electronic devices is a plurality of N-type and P-type transistors and the plurality of interconnect structures is a plurality of metal interconnects that tie the plurality of N-type and P-type transistors into an integrated circuit. Substrate 302 may further comprise conductive electrodes that contact underlying interconnect structures. For example, in one embodiment, substrate 302 comprises an electrical contact 312 comprised of a conductive plug or via. In a particular embodiment, MEMS structure 300 comprises a coupler 310 that electrically couples member 310 with electrical contact 312 housed in substrate 302.

A MEMS coupler that extends through a portion of a MEMS member to connect the member with a substrate may be fabricated by first forming the member by a subtractive process and then, forming the coupler. FIGS. 4A-E illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member connected with a substrate by a coupler, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 4A, a stacked structure 400 is provided comprising a substrate 402, a release layer 404 and a structural layer 406. Substrate 402 and structural layer 406 may be comprised of any material and/or feature described in association with substrate 302 and member 304, respectively, from FIG. 3. The thickness of structural layer 406 may be any thickness described in association with the height of member 304 from FIG. 3. The thickness of release layer 404 may be any thickness described in association with the distance that member 304 is suspended above substrate 302, also described in association with FIG. 3.

Release layer 404 may be comprised of any material suitable to withstand a MEMS fabrication process. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, release layer 404 is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of an insulator and a semiconductor. In one embodiment, release layer 404 is an insulating material and is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxy-nitride and a high-K dielectric material. In one embodiment, release layer 404 is a semiconducting material and is selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, silicon/germanium, carbon-doped silicon and a III-V material. The semiconducting material may also be comprised of dopant impurity atoms. For example, in one embodiment, the semiconductor material is germanium and the concentration of dopant impurity atoms is selected to optimize the germanium nucleation at a temperature in the range of 300-400° C. In a specific embodiment, release layer 404 is comprised of greater than 98% germanium atoms and boron dopant impurity atoms having a total atomic concentration in the range of 5×10¹⁹-5×10²⁰ atoms/cm³. Release layer 404 may be comprised of any material that may subsequently be removed with high selectivity to structural layer 406 and substrate 402. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, substrate 402 is comprised of a top insulator layer, structural layer 406 is comprised of silicon/germanium and release layer 404 substantially comprises germanium. In a specific embodiment, both the silicon/germanium structural layer and the germanium release layer are doped with boron dopant impurity atoms. In another embodiment, substrate 402 is comprised of a top insulator layer, structural layer 406 is comprised of silicon/germanium and release layer 404 substantially comprises silicon deposited by a low-temperature physical vapor deposition process.

Structural layer 406 and release layer 404 may be formed on substrate 402 by any suitable deposition process that generates uniform material layers of consistent composition. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, structural layer 406 and release layer 404 are deposited by a process selected from the group consisting of chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, electroplating and electro-less plating. Structural layer 406 and release layer 404 may be deposited by a low temperature deposition process. In a specific embodiment, substrate 402 is comprised of an insulator layer above an integrated circuit and structural layer 406 and release layer 404 are deposited by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition process at a temperature less than 450° C.

Referring to FIG. 4B, structural layer 406 is patterned to form pre-coupled member 408 comprised of a pre-base portion 410 and a pre-suspension portion 412 above release layer 404. The width and length of pre-suspension portion 412 may be any width and length described in association with suspended portion 308 from FIG. 3. Structural layer 406 may be patterned by any lithographic/etch process suitable to provide the appropriate dimensions required for pre-coupled member 408. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, structural layer 406 is patterned by first patterning a positive photo-resist layer above structural layer 406 by exposure to a wavelength of light selected from the group consisting of 248 nm, 193 nm and 157 nm. In another embodiment, an e-beam direct-write process is used to pattern the positive photo-resist layer. An etch process may then be used to pattern structural layer 406. In one embodiment, a dry etch process is used. In a particular embodiment, structural layer 406 is comprised of silicon/germanium and the dry etch process comprises an anisotropic plasma etch process wherein the plasma is generated from gases selected from the group consisting of SF₆, CF₄ and the combination of HBr, Cl₂ and O₂. In one embodiment, a hard-mask layer is utilized in between the positive photo-resist and structural layer 406.

Referring to FIG. 4C, pre-base portion 410 of pre-coupled member 408 is patterned to form base portion 414 and pre-coupler hole 416 which extends through release layer 404 to form patterned release layer 418 and land on substrate 402. Pre-base portion 410 may be patterned by any lithographic/etch process used to pattern structural layer 406, described in association with FIG. 4B. It is to be understood that the precise sequence of patterning steps used to form pre-coupled member 408 and pre-coupler hole 416 may vary. For example, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, pre-coupled member 408 and pre-coupler hole 416 are formed in the same lithographic/etch process step. In a specific embodiment, release layer 404 is patterned to a greater extent and only the portion masked by pre-suspension portion 412 and base portion 414 is retained.

Referring to FIG. 4D, pre-coupler hole 416 is filled with a conductive material to form coupled member 420 coupled with substrate 402 via coupler 422, which extends through base portion 414. Coupler 422 may be comprised of any material described in association with coupler 310 from FIG. 3. The conductive material used to form coupler 422 may be deposited by any suitable technique that enables the formation of coupler 422 without leaving the conductive material in undesirable locations. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive material used to form coupler 422 is blanket deposited above pre-coupled member 408 and in pre-coupler hole 416, polished back to expose the top surface of pre-coupled member 408 and, finally, masked and etched to leave only the portion that fills pre-coupler hole 416. In an alternative embodiment, pre-coupler hole 416 exposes a metallic contact region in substrate 402. The metallic contact region acts as a seed surface to form coupler 422 by a selective electroplating or electro-less plating deposition process. In yet another embodiment, a lift-off approach is used wherein the conductive material used to form coupler 422 is blanket deposited in pre-coupler hole 416 and above a photo-resist mask covering pre-coupled member 408 and exposed portions of patterned release layer 418. The photo-resist mask is subsequently removed, lifting off any undesirable portions of the conductive material. In a specific embodiment, coupler 422 is formed by a low-temperature deposition process, at a temperature less than approximately 450° C.

Referring to FIG. 4E, patterned release layer 418 is removed to provide MEMS structure 424 comprised of a member 426 having a suspended portion 428 and a base portion 414. Member 426 is coupled with substrate 402 by coupler 422. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, coupler 422 is connected with an electrical contact 430 housed in substrate 402, as depicted in FIG. 4E. Patterned release layer 418 may be removed by any technique that enables removal without significantly impacting MEMS structure 424 or substrate 402. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, member 426 comprises silicon/germanium and patterned release layer 418 substantially comprises germanium and is removed by an oxidizing etchant. In a specific embodiment, patterned release layer 418 is comprised of germanium with an atomic concentration of greater than 98% germanium atoms and a wet etchant comprising an aqueous solution of H₂O₂ with a concentration in the range of 25-35% by volume and a temperature in the range of 80-95° C. is used to remove patterned release layer 418. In a particular embodiment, patterned release layer 418 is further comprised of boron dopant impurity atoms with a concentration in the range of 5×10¹⁹-5×10²⁰ atoms/cm³. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, member 426 comprises silicon/germanium, and patterned release layer 418 substantially comprises silicon and is removed by a high pH etchant. In a specific embodiment, patterned release layer 418 is comprised of silicon with an atomic concentration of greater than 99% silicon atoms and a wet etchant comprising an aqueous solution of NH₄OH with a concentration in the range of 1-20% by volume and a temperature in the range of 15-40° C. is used to remove patterned release layer 418. In a particular embodiment, patterned release layer 418 is further comprised of phosphorus and/or arsenic dopant impurity atoms with a concentration in the range of 5×10¹⁸-1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³. In an embodiment, release layer 418 is removed with a selectivity greater than 20:1 over MEMS structure 424 or substrate 402.

A MEMS coupler that extends through a portion of a MEMS member to connect the member with a substrate may be fabricated by first forming the member by a damascene process and then forming the coupler. FIGS. 5A-F illustrate a cross-sectional view representing a series of steps for fabricating a MEMS structure having a member, a drive electrode and a sensor electrode, each connected with a substrate by a coupler, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 5A, a stacked structure 500 is provided comprising a substrate 502 and a release layer 504. Substrate 502 may be comprised of any material and/or feature described in association with substrate 302 from FIG. 3. Release layer 504 may be comprised of any material and deposited by any technique described in association with release layer 404 from FIG. 4A. The thickness of release layer 504 may be an additive combination of the thicknesses described in association with release layer 404 and structural layer 406 from FIG. 4A.

Referring to FIG. 5B, trenches 506, 508 and 510 are formed in release layer 504 to form partially patterned release layer 512 above substrate 502. Release layer 504 may be patterned by any lithographic/etch process suitable to provide appropriately sized trenches with a depth less than the thickness of release layer 504. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, release layer 504 is patterned by first patterning a positive photo-resist layer above release layer 504 by exposure to a wavelength of light selected from the group consisting of 248 nm, 193 nm and 157 nm. In another embodiment, an e-beam direct-write process is used to pattern the positive photo-resist layer. An etch process may then be used to pattern release layer 504. In one embodiment, a dry etch process is used. In a particular embodiment, release layer 504 is comprised substantially of germanium and the dry etch process comprises an anisotropic plasma etch process wherein the plasma is generated from gases selected from the group consisting of SF₆, CF₄ and the combination of HBr, Cl₂ and O₂. In one embodiment, a hard-mask layer is utilized in between the positive photo-resist and release layer 504. The depth of the trenches 506, 508 and 510 may be any depth described in association with the height of member 304 from FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 5C, trenches 506, 508 and 510 in partially patterned release layer 512 are filled with a structural layer 514. Structural layer 514 may be comprised of material and deposited by any technique described in association with structural layer 406 from FIG. 4A. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, structural layer 514 is formed by first blanket depositing a material layer above partially patterned release layer 512 and in trenches 506, 508 and 510 and, subsequently, planarizing the material layer to expose the top surface of partially patterned release layer 512, as depicted in FIG. 5C.

Referring to FIG. 5D, structural layer 514 is patterned to form patterned structural layer 516 having pre-coupler holes 518. Pre-coupler holes 518 extend through partially patterned release layer 512 to form patterned release layer 520 and land on substrate 502. Structural layer 514 may be patterned by any lithographic/etch process used to pattern structural layer 406, described in association with FIG. 4B, or to pattern release layer 504, described in association with FIG. 5B. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, pre-coupler holes 518 expose electrical contact regions housed in substrate 502.

Referring to FIG. 5E, pre-coupler holes 518 are filled with a conductive material to form couplers 522 which extend through patterned structural layer 516. Couplers 522 may be comprised of any material described in association with coupler 310 from FIG. 3. The conductive material used to form couplers 522 may be deposited by any suitable technique that enables the formation of couplers 522 without leaving the conductive material in undesirable locations. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive material used to form couplers 522 is first blanket deposited above patterned structural layer 516 and in pre-coupler holes 518 and then polished back to expose the top surface of structural layer 516. In an alternative embodiment, pre-coupler holes 516 expose metallic contact regions in substrate 502. The metallic contact regions act as a seed surface to form couplers 522 by a selective electroplating or electro-less plating deposition process. In a specific embodiment, couplers 522 are formed by a low-temperature deposition process, at a temperature less than approximately 450° C.

Referring to FIG. 5F, patterned release layer 520 is removed to provide MEMS structure 524 comprised of a member 526 having a suspended portion 528 and a base portion 530. Member 526 is coupled with substrate 502 by a coupler 522. A pair of electrodes comprising a drive electrode 532 and a sensor electrode 534 is also formed and is coupled with substrate 502 by couplers 522. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, couplers 522 are connected with electrical contacts 536 housed in substrate 502, as depicted in FIG. 5F. Patterned release layer 520 may be removed by any technique described in association with the removal of patterned release layer 418 from FIG. 4E. The spacing surrounding suspended portion 528 may be any spacing suitable to satisfy a MEMS application. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, suspended portion 528 is suspended at a distance in the range of 0.1-5 microns above substrate 502. In one embodiment, the distance between suspended portion 528 and either of the electrodes 532 and 534 is in the range of 100-500 nanometers.

A MEMS member may be coupled to a substrate at both ends of the member. FIG. 6 illustrates a MEMS structure having a beam connected with a substrate by a coupler on either end of the beam, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A beam 604, having a suspended portion 606 and two base portions 608, is coupled to a substrate 602 at both ends by a pair of couplers 610. Couplers 610 extend through base portions 608. In one embodiment, couplers 610 electrically couple beam 604 with electrical contacts 612 housed in substrate 602. In another embodiment, couplers 610 are for anchoring beam 604 to substrate 602.

A MEMS structure comprising more than one member may be coupled to a substrate with a MEMS coupler. FIG. 7 illustrates a MEMS structure having a tuning fork connected with a substrate by a coupler on either end of the tuning fork, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A tuning fork 704 having two or more suspended portions 706 attached to a base portion 708 is coupled to substrate 702 by one or more coupler 710. Coupler 710 extends through base portion 708. In one embodiment, coupler 710 electrically couples tuning fork 704 with an electrical contact 712 housed in substrate 702. In another embodiment, coupler 710 is for anchoring tuning fork 704 to substrate 702. In a specific embodiment, tuning fork 704 is coupled with substrate 702 at both ends, as depicted in FIG. 7.

A MEMS member may be coupled to a substrate at the center of the member. FIG. 8 illustrates a MEMS structure having a plate connected with a substrate by a coupler at the center of the plate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A suspended plate 804 is coupled to a substrate 802 by a coupler 810. Coupler 810 extends through the center portion of suspended plate 804. In one embodiment, coupler 810 electrically couples suspended plate 804 with an electrical contact 812 housed in substrate 802. In another embodiment, coupler 810 is for anchoring suspended plate 804 to substrate 802.

A MEMS coupler may be used to electrically couple a MEMS member to a substrate but need not also anchor the member to the substrate. Thus, a release layer to suspend a portion of a MEMS structure need not be utilized, leaving the entire MEMS structure fixed to an underlying support layer. The fixed MEMS structure may therefore incorporate a coupler that electrically couples the MEMS structure to the underlying substrate, but does not necessarily provide structural anchoring support for the MEMS structure. FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view representing a MEMS structure having a member electrically connected by a coupler with an electrical contact in a substrate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A member 904, comprising and extended portion 906 and a base portion 908, is coupled by a MEMS coupler 910 with an electrical contact region 912 housed in substrate 902. Coupler 910 extends through base portion 908. Thus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a MEMS member is formed directly on a substrate and is coupled with an electrical contact in the substrate by a coupler that extends through a portion of the member. In one embodiment, the coupler 910 is formed after the fabrication of member 904.

Thus, a MEMS coupler and a method to form a MEMS structure having such a coupler have been disclosed. In one embodiment, a MEMS structure comprises a member and a substrate. A coupler extends through the member and connects the member with the substrate. The member is comprised of a first material and the coupler is comprised of a second material. In one embodiment, the first material and the second material are substantially the same. In one embodiment, the second material is conductive and is different from the first material. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a method for fabricating a MEMS structure comprises first forming a member above a substrate. A coupler comprised of a conductive material is then formed to connect the member with the substrate. In a specific embodiment, all process steps used to form the member and the coupler are carried out at a temperature less than approximately 450° C. 

1. A method of fabricating a MEMS structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming a resonating member above said substrate; and, subsequent to forming said resonating member, forming a coupler to connect said resonating member with said substrate, said coupler being formed to extend through a portion of said resonating member without said coupler being present at the top surface of a suspended portion of said resonating member and without said coupler overlying the top surface of the suspended portion of said resonating member, the top surface of said coupler essentially planar with the top surface of the suspended portion of said resonating member, and said coupler comprised of a conductive material.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said resonating member and said coupler are comprised of substantially the same materials.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said resonating member and said coupler are comprised of polycrystalline silicon/germanium with a germanium atomic concentration in the range of 50-70% and boron dopant impurity atoms with a total atomic concentration in the range of 1×10¹⁸-5×10²⁰ atoms/cm³.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said resonating member and said coupler are comprised of different materials.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the material of said coupler is at least twice as conductive as the material of said resonating member.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein all process steps used to form said resonating member and said coupler are carried out at a temperature less than approximately 450° C.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said coupler is for electrically coupling said resonating member with said substrate.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said coupler is for anchoring said resonating member to said substrate.
 9. A method of fabricating a MEMS structure, comprising: (a) providing a substrate having a release layer; (b) depositing a structural layer above said release layer; (c) patterning said structural layer to provide a resonating member above said release layer, wherein said resonating member comprises a base; (d) forming a hole in said base of said resonating member and through said release layer; (e) depositing a conductive material layer in said hole to form a coupler to connect said resonating member with said substrate, the top surface of said coupler essentially planar with the top surface of said resonating member; and (f) subsequent to performing each of steps (a) through (e), removing at least a portion of said release layer to provide a suspended portion of said resonating member, said coupler not present at the top surface of the suspended portion of said resonating member and said coupler not overlying the top surface of the suspended portion of said resonating member, the top surface of said coupler essentially planar with the top surface of said suspended portion of said resonating member.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein said coupler is for electrically coupling said resonating member with said substrate.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein said coupler is for anchoring said resonating member to said substrate.
 12. The method of claim 9 wherein said conductive material is selected from the group consisting of a semiconductor material heavily doped with charge-carrier impurity atoms and a conductor.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein said conductive material is comprised of polycrystalline silicon/germanium with a germanium atomic concentration in the range of 55-95% and boron dopant impurity atoms with a total atomic concentration in the range of 1×10²⁰-5×10²² atoms/cm³.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein said conductive material has a volume resistivity less than 1×10⁻⁵ ohms·cm.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein said conductive material is at least twice as conductive as said structural layer.
 16. The method of claim 9 wherein said structural layer comprises polycrystalline silicon/germanium with an atomic germanium concentration in the range of 50-70% and a boron dopant impurity atomic concentration in the range of 1×10¹⁸-5×10²⁰ atoms/cm³, wherein said release layer is comprised of germanium with an atomic concentration of greater than 98% germanium atoms and a boron dopant impurity atomic concentration in the range of 5×10¹⁹-5×10²⁰ atoms/cm³, and wherein removing the at least said portion of said release layer consists of applying a wet etchant comprising an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide with an H₂O₂ concentration in the range of 25-35% by volume and a temperature in the range of 80-95° C.
 17. The method of claim 9 wherein the at least said portion of said release layer is removed with a selectivity greater than 20:1 over said resonating member, said anchor and said substrate.
 18. A method of fabricating a MEMS structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming a resonating member above said substrate; forming a drive electrode and a sensor electrode above said substrate and on either side of said resonating member; and subsequent to forming said resonating member, drive electrode and sensor electrode, forming a first coupler to connect said resonating member with said substrate without said first coupler being present at the top surface of a suspended portion of said resonating member and without said first coupler overlying the top surface of the suspended portion of said resonating member, the top surface of said first coupler essentially planar with the top surface of the suspended portion of said resonating member, forming a second coupler to connect said drive electrode with said substrate, and forming a third coupler to connect said sensor electrode with said substrate.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein said first, second and third couplers are for anchoring said resonating member, drive electrode and sensor electrode to said substrate.
 20. The method of claim 18 wherein said second and third couplers are for electrically connecting said drive electrode and sensor electrode with electrical contact regions in said substrate.
 21. The method of claim 18 wherein said resonating member, drive electrode and sensor electrode are formed in the same process step.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein said first anchor, second anchor and third anchor are formed in the same process step.
 23. A method of fabricating a MEMS structure, comprising: providing a substrate having a release layer; depositing a structural layer above said release layer; patterning said structural layer to provide a resonating member above said release layer, wherein said resonating member comprises a base; forming a hole in said base of said resonating member and through said release layer; depositing a conductive material layer in said hole; polishing said conductive material layer to form a coupler to connect said resonating member with said substrate; and removing at least a portion of said release layer to provide a suspended portion of said resonating member, wherein the coupler is essentially planar with the top surface of said suspended portion of said resonating member.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein said coupler is for electrically coupling said resonating member with said substrate.
 25. The method of claim 23 wherein said coupler is for anchoring said resonating member to said substrate.
 26. The method of claim 23 wherein said conductive material is selected from the group consisting of a semiconductor material heavily doped with charge-carrier impurity atoms and a conductor.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein said conductive material is comprised of polycrystalline silicon/germanium with a germanium atomic concentration in the range of 55-95% and boron dopant impurity atoms with a total atomic concentration in the range of 1×10²⁰-5×10²² atoms/cm³.
 28. The method of claim 26 wherein said conductive material has a volume resistivity less than 1×10⁻⁵ ohms·cm.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein said conductive material is at least twice as conductive as said structural layer.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein said suspended portion of said resonating member has a resonant frequency.
 31. The method of claim 1, further comprises forming the resonating member and the coupler such that the suspended portion of said resonating member is a cantilever arm or a plate disposed in spaced relationship to said substrate with a space therebetween.
 32. The method of claim 9 wherein said conductive material is a semiconductor material heavily doped with charge-carrier impurity atoms.
 33. A method of fabricating a MEMS structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming at least one resonating member above said substrate, the resonating member having a base portion and a suspended portion; and, subsequent to forming said resonating member, forming a coupler to connect said resonating member with said substrate, said coupler being formed to extend through the base portion of said resonating member without contacting the suspended portion of said resonating member, the top surface of said coupler essentially planar with the top surface of the suspended portion of said resonating member, and said coupler comprised of a conductive material.
 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising: forming the resonating member to have a base portion disposed at a first end of said resonating member with the suspended portion of said resonating member being disposed at a second end of said resonating member that is opposite from said first end of said resonating member; and forming the coupler to extend through the base portion of said resonating member without contacting the suspended portion of said resonating member to anchor the base portion of the resonating member to the substrate with the suspended portion of the resonating member forming a cantilever arm disposed in spaced relationship to the substrate with a space therebetween.
 35. The method of claim 33, further comprising: forming the resonating member to have a base portion disposed at each of opposing first and second ends of said resonating member with the suspended portion of said resonating member being disposed between the base portions; and forming a coupler to extend through each of the base portions of said resonating member without contacting the suspended portion of said resonating member to anchor the first and second ends of the resonating member to the substrate with the suspended portion of the resonating member forming a suspended beam disposed in spaced relationship to the substrate with a space therebetween.
 36. The method of claim 33, further comprising: forming the resonating member to have multiple separate suspended portions and to include multiple base portions disposed at each of opposing first and second ends of said resonating member, with each respective one of said multiple suspended portions being disposed between a respective opposing pair of the multiple base portions; and forming a coupler to extend through each of the multiple base portions of said resonating member without contacting the suspended portions of said resonating member to anchor the first and second ends of the resonating member to the substrate with the multiple suspended portions of the resonating member forming a tuning fork disposed in spaced relationship to the substrate with a space therebetween.
 37. The method of claim 33, further comprising forming the coupler to extend through a center portion of said resonating member without contacting the suspended portion of said resonating member to anchor the center portion of the resonating member to the substrate with the suspended portion of the resonating member forming a suspended plate disposed around the center portion of said resonating member in spaced relationship to the substrate with a space therebetween. 